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From historical scandals to modern advocacy: The evolving relationship between football and cannabis
Chris Armstrong was the first Premier League player to fail a drugs test for cannabis in March 1995 while with Crystal Palace. His positive result led to a ban and mandatory rehabilitation, creating a precedent for harsh doping punishments in English football despite cannabis not being performance-enhancing. Armstrong’s public sanction set the stage for increased testing and scrutiny across the league, impacting both policy and the player’s mental health.
Bernard Lama, a French goalkeeper, received a two-month ban in 1997 after testing positive for marijuana at Paris Saint-Germain. This occurred during a period of strict cannabis testing in French football and was highly significant due to his international status and World Cup involvement. Lama’s ban affected PSG and national matches, spotlighting the aggressive and inconsistent global enforcement of cannabis policies.
In 2001, Ghanaian striker Ibrahim Tanko was handed a four-month ban after testing positive for cannabis while at Borussia Dortmund. His punishment reflected the strict anti-doping regime of the Bundesliga and exemplified the tough penalties of the era. The consequences stretched beyond his suspension, including lost opportunities for his club and the Ghanaian national team.
Mbulelo Mabizela, a South African defender, was suspended for six months in December 2006 after a positive marijuana test. This severe penalty occurred during a pivotal stage in his career, causing exclusion from both club and national team activities. The ban hindered his momentum, damaged his reputation, and had long-term effects on his professional journey.
Colombian forward Wilder Medina repeatedly tested positive for marijuana in 2011, demonstrating either significant use or flaws in testing methodology. The frequency of positive tests within a short span triggered escalating penalties and highlighted the rigid nature of anti-doping enforcement. Medina’s recurring violations placed his entire career at risk.
Megan Rapinoe, renowned U.S. women’s soccer star, partnered with CBD brand Mendi in 2019 to promote cannabis-derived recovery solutions. She cited health, recovery, sleep aid, and flying relaxation as motives, marking a shift in the athletic conversation from prohibitive policies to therapeutic applications. Her advocacy coincided with anti-doping policy changes and drew public attention due to her high profile after the World Cup.
Dutch goalkeeper Gino Coutinho was jailed in 2011 for operating a cannabis farm with over 4,200 plants, a step far beyond typical athlete misconduct. His involvement indicated organized commercial intent, not just personal use, leading to severe legal ramifications. Coutinho’s incarceration became a landmark case distinguishing production from simple consumption, even in liberal jurisdictions.
In May 2025, former Premier League player Jay Emmanuel-Thomas admitted to smuggling 60 kg of cannabis, valued at £600,000, from Thailand. This profound escalation moved the athlete-cannabis story from individual consumption to organized international drug trafficking. His case drew widespread UK media attention due to the substantial quantity and the threat of a 14-year sentence.
Lee Bowyer received an eight-week FA suspension after testing positive for cannabis with Charlton Athletic in 1995, just before moving to Leeds United. Despite early-career sanctions, Bowyer managed a successful Premier League run, exemplifying how some athletes move past cannabis-related stigma. His case was part of a concentrated wave of positive tests in English football during the era.
Kolo Touré, although not directly involved with cannabis, received a six-month ban in 2011 for ingesting a banned substance from his wife’s weight-loss pills. Touré’s case highlighted complexities of supplement contamination and strict anti-doping policies. He accepted responsibility, using the incident to raise awareness about supplement safety and the strict liability athletes face.
WADA reviews the Prohibited List annually; in 2023 it maintained the in-competition prohibition of THC for 2024 while continuing to monitor research. The trajectory suggests movement toward evidence-based policies that recognize cannabis’s non-performance-enhancing nature and potential therapeutic benefits. Future reviews may lead to further liberalization, potentially removing cannabis from the prohibited list entirely or implementing Therapeutic Use Exemptions for legitimate medical cases.
High-profile partnerships like Megan Rapinoe’s with CBD companies demonstrate the commercial viability and cultural acceptance of athlete-cannabis relationships. These advocacy efforts help normalize cannabis use for recovery and wellness, gradually dismantling the stigma that has historically surrounded the issue in professional sports.
As scientific understanding improves, educational initiatives about safe cannabis use, proper dosing, and product selection are becoming more common in professional sports environments. These programs aim to equip athletes with accurate information rather than relying solely on prohibition, recognizing that education is more effective than punishment for harm reduction.
For those interested in exploring cannabis products similar to what athletes use for recovery, Herb’s products catalog offers verified options for legal cannabis consumption. Detailed information on different varieties and their potential effects can be found in Herb’s comprehensive strain guides. Stay updated on the latest developments in cannabis and sports by subscribing to the Herb Insider newsletter, and find local dispensaries in major soccer markets through Herb’s dispensary directory.
Several high-profile players have been involved in documented cannabis cases, including Chris Armstrong (first Premier League player to fail a drugs test), Bernard Lama (French international), and Ibrahim Tanko (Ghanaian striker). More recently, Jay Emmanuel-Thomas admitted to large-scale cannabis smuggling. These cases span from the 1990s through today, showing the long history of cannabis involvement in professional football.
Out-of-competition use is not prohibited under WADA rules, but local laws and league/team policies vary and may still restrict or penalize use. Cannabis remains prohibited “in competition” by WADA with a threshold of 150 ng/mL. CBD is not prohibited by WADA, but many products may contain THC or other prohibited cannabinoids. The complexity of different jurisdictions creates challenges for international athletes who must navigate varying rules.
Historical cannabis suspensions have ranged from two to six months with significant career disruptions, potentially affecting form, transfer value, and team selection during prime playing years. However, modern enforcement has become more nuanced, with WADA’s increased threshold (150 ng/mL vs. previous 15 ng/mL) designed to distinguish between in-competition use and residual detection from out-of-competition consumption. Some players like Lee Bowyer and Kolo Touré successfully continued high-level careers after suspensions. The long-term impact depends heavily on timing, duration, and how the player and club manage the situation publicly.
WADA prohibits cannabis “in competition only” with a threshold of 150 ng/mL for carboxy-THC in urine. This represents significant liberalization from previous policies, acknowledging that residual detection from out-of-competition use shouldn’t result in sanctions. CBD was removed from the prohibited list in 2018 and is completely permitted. WADA reviews these policies annually and continues to monitor emerging research on cannabis and athletic performance.
Yes, athletes increasingly use CBD for recovery purposes following WADA’s removal of cannabidiol from the prohibited list in 2018. Megan Rapinoe’s partnership with CBD company Mendi explicitly cited “pain management, sleep aid, relaxation while flying, and general recovery” as primary benefits. Some preliminary evidence suggests CBD may help certain kinds of pain, but high-quality evidence—especially in athletes—remains limited. Athletes must exercise caution because many CBD products contain THC that could trigger positive tests.
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